Buku Irigasi dan Drainase Kelas 11 SMK

SMK Kelas 11

Buku Irigasi dan Drainase Kelas 11 SMK
Kelas 11
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Penerbit Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan
Tahun 2014
Baca Online Beli di Shopee

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Materi Irigasi dan Drainase

KATA PENGANTAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... i
DAFTAR ISI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... ii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... vi
DAFTAR TABEL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... xi
PETA KEDUDUKAN BAHAN AJAR ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... xii
GLOSARIUM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. xiv

I. PENDAHULUAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 1
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 1
B. Prasyarat ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 2
C. Petunjuk Penggunaan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 2
D. Tujuan Akhir ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 2
E. Cek Kemampu an Awal ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 4

II. PEMBELAJARAN ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 5
Kegiatan Pembelajaran 7. Sistem Irigasi Permukaan ................................ ................................ .. 5
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 5
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 5
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 5
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 5
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 11
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 13
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 14
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 14
1. Penilaian Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 14
2. Penilai an Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 16
D. Perancangan Sistem Irigasi Permukaan ................................ ................................ ................. 19
1. Kriteria Pemilihan Sistem Irigasi Permukaan ................................ ............................. 19
2. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 26
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 28
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 29
E. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 30
1. Penilaian Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 30
2. Penilaian Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 32
F. Komponen -Komponen Sistem Irigasi Permukaan ................................ ............................. 35
1. Jaringan Irigasi ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 41
2. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 56
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 58
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 59
G. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 60
1. Penilaian Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 60
2. Penilaian Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 62
H. Perancangan Saluran dan Jaringan Irigasi ................................ ................................ ............. 64
1. Lay Out Sistem Irigasi Permukaan ................................ ................................ ................... 64
2. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 75
3. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 77
4. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 78
I. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 79
1. Penilaian Sik ap ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 79
2. Penilaian Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 81
J. Pengoperasian dan Pemeliharaan Sistem Irigasi Permukaan ................................ ....... 85
1. Pengoperasian ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 85
2. Pemeliharaan Jaringan Irigasi ................................ ................................ ............................ 94
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 98
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 100
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 101
K. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 102
1. Penilaian S ikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 102
2. Penilaian Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 104

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 8. Sistem Drainase Lahan Pertanian ................................ ............... 108
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 108
B. Kegiatan Belajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 108
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 108
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 108
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 144
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 146
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 147
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 148
1. Penilaian S ikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 148
2. Penilaian Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 150

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 9. Pengoperasian Pompa Irigasi ................................ ....................... 154
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 154
B. Kegiatan Be lajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 154
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 154
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 154
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 195
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 201
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 203
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 204
1. Penilaian S ikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 204
2. Penilaian Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 206

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 10. Perencanaan dan Pembuatan Sistem Irigasi Sprinkler ...209
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 209
B. Kegiatan Be lajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 209
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 209
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 209
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 280
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 285
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 286
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 288
1. Penilaian Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 288
2. Penil aian Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 290

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 11. Perancangan dan Pembuatan Sistem Irigasi Tetes ........... 294
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 294
B. Kegiatan Be lajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 294
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 294
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 294
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 317
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 322
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 324
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 325
1. Penilaian Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 325
2. Penilaia n Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 327

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 12. Hubungan Irigasi dan Produksi Tanaman ............................ 330
A. Deskripsi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 330
B. Kegiatan Be lajar ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 330
1. Tujuan Pembelajaran ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 330
2. Uraian Materi ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 330
3. Tugas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 353
4. Refleksi ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 355
5. Tes Formatif ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 357
C. Penilaian ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 357
1. Penilaian Sikap ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 358
2. Penilaian Pengetahuan ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 360
III. PENUTUP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 363
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 364

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1 . Sistem Irigasi Permukaan ................................ ................................ ................................ . 6
Gambar 2 . Sistem irigasi bebas ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 8
Gambar 3 . Sistem Irigasi Penggenangan Terkendali pada Tanaman Padi .......................... 8
Gambar 4 . Sistem Irigasi Alur ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 9
Gambar 5 . Skema Sistem Irigasi Basin ................................ ................................ ............................... 9
Gambar 6 . Basin Irigasi untuk Tanaman Buah -buahan ................................ ........................... 10
Gambar 7 . Pergerakan kurva air tanah ................................ ................................ .......................... 11
Gambar 8. Peta Ikhtisar Irigasi ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 36
Gambar 9. Bendung gerak ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 39
Gambar 10. Bendung Karet ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 40
Gambar 11. Standar Tata Nama Skema Irigasi ................................ ................................ ............ 52
Gambar 12. Contoh Standar Sistem Tata Nama Bangunan Irigasi ................................ ...... 53
Gambar 13. Contoh Sistem Tata Nama Petak Rotasi dan Kuarter ................................ ....... 55
Gambar 14. Contoh sistem tata nama saluran pembuang ................................ ...................... 56
Gambar 15. Gorong -gorong berbentuk lingka ran ................................ ................................ ...... 67
Gambar 16. Gorong -gorong persegi ................................ ................................ ................................ 67
Gambar 17. Menentukan Kemiringan Saluran ................................ ................................ ............ 72
Gambar 18. Daerah Irigasi M ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 73
Gambar 19 . Lahan dengan Drainase yang Jelek ................................ ................................ ........ 109
Gambar 20 . Sistem Drainase Paralel ................................ ................................ ............................. 113
Gambar 21 . Sistem Drainase Singular ................................ ................................ ........................... 114
Gambar 22 . Sistem Drainase Komposit ................................ ................................ ........................ 114
Gambar 23 . Diagram jaringan random sistem ................................ ................................ .......... 115
Gambar 24 . Sistem Drainase Random ................................ ................................ .......................... 116
Gambar 25 . Perataan Lahan ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 116
Gambar 26 . Perataan Permukaan Lahan ................................ ................................ ..................... 117
Gambar 27 . Skema jaringan drainase tulang ikan ................................ ................................ ...117
Gambar 28 . Sistem Drainase Gridion ................................ ................................ ............................ 118
Gambar 29 . Sistem Drainase Interception ................................ ................................ .................. 118
Gambar 30 . Konsep keseimbangan air di lahan ................................ ................................ ........ 119
Gambar 31 . Permukaan air tanah ................................ ................................ ................................ ...120
Gambar 32 . Saluran Segi Empat ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 124
Gambar 33 . Saluran Segi Empat dengan Saluran Kecil ................................ .......................... 124
Gambar 34 . Saluran Trapesium ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 124
Gambar 35 . Saluran Trapesium dengan Saluran Kecil ................................ ........................... 125
Gambar 36 . Pola alamiah drainase ................................ ................................ ................................ 129
Gambar 37 . Pola siku drainase ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 129
Gambar 38 . Pola parallel drainase ................................ ................................ ................................ .130
Gambar 39 . Pola Drainase Gridiron ................................ ................................ .............................. 130
Gambar 40 . Pola Drainase Radial ................................ ................................ ................................ ...131
Gambar 41 . Pola Drainase Jaring -jaring ................................ ................................ ....................... 131
Gambar 42. Alat Bourdon pengukur tekanan ................................ ................................ ............ 157
Gambar 43. Pengukuran debit ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 158
Gambar 44. Sistem pemompaan dimana sumber air di bawah pusat pompa keluar secara gravitasi ................................  159
Gambar 45. Pompa Piston ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 164
Gambar 46. Pompa Roda Gigi ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 164
Gambar 47. Pompa roda gigi luar ................................ ................................ ................................ ...165
Gambar 48. Pompa roda gigi dalam ................................ ................................ ............................... 165
Gambar 49. Pompa vane ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 166
Gambar 50. Skema Pompa Aksial ................................ ................................ ................................ ...167
Gambar 51. Pompa Benam (submersible) ................................ ................................ .................. 167
Gambar 52. Hydraulic Ramp ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 168
Gambar 53. Pompa Sentrifugal dengan Isapan Ujung ................................ ............................ 169
Gambar 54. Skema Pompa Volut ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 169
Gambar 55. Skema Pompa Difusser ................................ ................................ ............................... 170
Gambar 56. Prinsip kerja pompa sentrifugal ................................ ................................ ............. 172

Gambar 57. Prinsip kerja pompa sentrifuhal ................................ ................................ ............. 175
Gambar 58. Tipikal Kurva Karakteristik Pompa Sentrifugal ................................ ............... 182
Gambar 59. Pemasangan Pompa ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 183
Gambar 60. Sifon ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...185
Gambar 61. Landasan dan Pondasi ................................ ................................ ................................ 186
Gambar 62. Pemeliharaan rutin irigasi pompa ................................ ................................ ........ 192
Gambar 63. Karakteristik Pompa ................................ ................................ ................................ ...195
Gambar 64. Perkebunan Jagung dengan Sistem Irigasi Sprinkler ................................ ..... 210
Gambar 65. Irigasi Sprinkler Modern dengan Sprinkler Model Gantung ....................... 212
Gambar 66. Sprinkler Model Gantung Type Bergerak ................................ ........................... 212
Gambar 67. Sistem Irigasi Sprinkler Model Geser ................................ ................................ ...216
Gambar 68. Sistem Irigasi Sprinkler Berpindah Model Manual ................................ ......... 217
Gambar 69. Skema Sistem Irigasi Berpindah M anual ................................ ............................. 217
Gambar 70. Sistem Irigasi Sprinkler Berpindah Dengan Roda ................................ ........... 218
Gambar 71. Sistem Sprinkler Center Pivot ................................ ................................ ................. 219
Gambar 72. Sistem Irigasi Model Berjalan (Traveller) ................................ .......................... 220
Gambar 73. Sistem Irigasi Selang Tarik ................................ ................................ ....................... 221
Gambar 74. Sistem Irigasi Dengan Fleksible Lateral ................................ .............................. 222
Gambar 75. Sistem Irigasi Solid Set Sprinkler ................................ ................................ ........... 223
Gambar 76. Skema Jaringan Sistem Bergerak ................................ ................................ ........... 224
Gambar 77. Contoh Skema Sistem Irigasi Sprinkler Model Pipe -Grid ............................. 225
Gambar 78. Kepala Sprinkler model berputar ................................ ................................ .......... 226
Gambar 79. Sistem Irigasi Dengan Pipa Berlubang ................................ ................................ .227
Gambar 80. Komponen -komponen Sistem Irigasi Sprinkler ................................ ............... 228
Gambar 81. Pipa Paralon ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 230
Gambar 82. Penyambungan Pipa Cepat ................................ ................................ ....................... 231
Gambar 83. Pompa Sentrifugal dengan Penggerak Motor Listrik ................................ ..... 233
Gambar 84. Berbagai Jenis Asesories Pipa ................................ ................................ .................. 234
Gambar 85. Pipa Riser dengan Sprinkler Terpasang ................................ .............................. 234
Gambar 86. Kepala sprinkler ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 235
Gambar 87. Whirling Sprinkler ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 236
Gambar 88. Fixed Head Sprinkler ................................ ................................ ................................ ..237
Gambar 89. Gun Sprinkler ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 237
Gambar 90. Saringan ( Screen ) ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 239
Gambar 91. Katup Pengatur Aliran Dalam Pipa ................................ ................................ ........ 240
Gambar 92. Tangki untuk Aplikasi pupuk ................................ ................................ ................... 242
Gambar 93. Pengaruh Tekanan Terhadap Butiran Air ................................ ........................... 254
Gambar 94. Pembasahan dan pola distribusi dari beberapa sprinkler ........................... 256
Gambar 95. Pengaruh angin pada kinerja sprinkler ................................ ............................... 258
Gamb ar 96. Penyambungan Pipa PVC dengan lem pipa ................................ ........................ 273
Gambar 97. Cara Penyambungan Pipa PVC dengan Ulir ................................ ...................... 273
Gambar 98. Penggunaan Penutup pada Ujung Pipa PVC ................................ ....................... 273
Gambar 99. Pemasangan Sprinkler ................................ ................................ ............................... 274
Gambar 100 . Jaringan irigasi tetes modern ................................ ................................ ................ 295
Gambar 101 . Jaringan irigasi tetes sederhana ................................ ................................ ........... 295
Gambar 102 . Penggunaan Irigasi Tetes pada perkebunan kapas ................................ ...... 296
Gambar 103 . Pen etes ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 299
Gambar 104 . Skema komponen sistem irigasi tetes ................................ ............................... 300
Gambar 105 . Jenis -jenis penetes ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 302
Gambar 106 . In line emitter (a) dan on line emitter (b) ................................ ........................ 302
Gambar 107 . Profil tanah terbasahkan ................................ ................................ ........................ 303
Gambar 108 . Pola distribusi air pada daerah basah emitter ................................ ............... 303
Gambar 109 . Selang PE ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 307
Gambar 110 . Penggunaan pipa PVC untuk irigasi tetes ................................ ......................... 307
Gambar 111 . Penggunaan selang atau pipa PE untuk sistem irigasi tetes ..................... 308
Gambar 112 . Cara penyambungan pipa PVC ................................ ................................ ............. 308
Gambar 113 . Penyambungan pipa PE ................................ ................................ ........................... 308
Gambar 114 . Penggunaan penutup pada ujung pipa PVC ................................ ..................... 309
Gambar 115 . Pelipatan bagian ujung pipa PE ................................ ................................ ............ 309
Gambar 116 . Pemasangan aplikasi penates pada PVC ................................ ........................... 309
Gambar 117 . Menghubungkan alat aplikasi penetes dengan dudukan ........................... 309
Gambar 118 . Pembuatan lubang dripper ................................ ................................ .................... 310
Gambar 119 . Pemasangan alat aplikasi penates pada pipa PE ................................ ........... 310
Gambar 120 . Menghubungkan jaringan sistem irigasi tetes dengan sumber air ........ 311
Gambar 121 . Sistem irigasi tetes yang berfungsi dengan baik ................................ ........... 311
Gambar 122 . Gambar proses transpirasi Pada Tanaman ................................ ..................... 351

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1 . Tabel Kekasaran Manning untuk saluran ................................ ................................ ..... 20
Tabel 2. Alat -alat bangu nan ukur irigasi ................................ ................................ ......................... 44
Tabel 3. Harga -harga koefisien debit ? dalam gorong -gorong ................................ .............. 68
Tabel 4 . Koefisien kehalusan Strickler untuk saluran pembuang ................................ ..... 140
Tabel 5 . Koefisien kehalusan Strickler untuk saluran irigasi. ................................ ............. 140
Tabel 6 . Koefisien kekasaran Manning (n) ................................ ................................ .................. 140
Tabel 7 . Kecepatan Maksimum ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 141
Tabel 8 . Kecepatan maksimum untuk saluran tanah dan berlapis ................................ ...141
Tabel 9 . Hubungan antara Q, h dan b/h untuk saluran pembuang ................................ .... 142
Tabel 10 . Hubungan antara Q, z, b/h dan km untuk saluran irigasi ................................ .142
Tabel 11 . Kemiringan Talud Minimum Saluran Pembuang ................................ .................. 143
Tabel 12 . Kemiringan talud berdasark an jenis tanah dimana saluran tersebut dibuat .............................. ...... 143
Tabel 13. Satuan system internasional ................................ ................................ .......................... 156
Tabel 14. Hubungan antara Suhu dengan Tekanan Uap Air ................................ ................. 161
Tabel 15. Hubungan antara ketinggian tempat dengan Tekanan Atm osfir .................... 162
Tabel 16. Pegangan umum kapasitas pompa berdasarkan diameter pipa keluar ....... 185
Tabel 17. Kriteria kesesuaian lokasi penerapan irigasi sprinkler ................................ ...... 244
Tabel 18. Kondisi pipa dan nilai C (Hazen -William) ................................ ................................ 247
Tabel 19. Kehilangan tekanan karena gesekan dari pipa paralon ................................ ...... 247
Tabel 20. Tipikal karakteristik sprinkler ................................ ................................ ...................... 253
Tabel 21. Ukuran nozzle, tekanan dan butiran air yang diinginkan ................................ ..254
Tabel 22. Karakteristik spesifikasi sprinkler hasil pabrikan ................................ ................ 255
Tabel 23. Hubungan spasi sprinkler dan debit ................................ ................................ .......... 255
Tabel 24. Pengaruh kecepatan angin terhadap Jangkauan sprinkler ................................ 258
Tabel 25. Hubungan antara jarak nozel dan kecepatan angin ................................ ............. 258
Tabel 26. Jumlah air tanah terse dia ................................ ................................ ................................ 260
Tabel 27. Defisit air yang diperbolehkan ................................ ................................ ...................... 260
Tabel 28. Laju pemberian air maksimum dengan sprinkler ................................ ................. 262